Look Back Calculator Custom Lookbacks with Individual Colors (Accurate on All Timeframes)
A clean, monochrome-grey indicator that displays historical closing price levels from user-defined lookback periods.
Key Features:
• 4 Custom Hourly Levels (e.g., 1.5h, 3h, 6h, 9h or any value you choose) – fully accurate on 15-minute and lower timeframes
• 4 Custom Daily Levels (e.g., 20d, 40d, 60d, 90d or any number of days)
• Independent toggle for each level
• Individual color selection for every vertical line
• Table column backgrounds match the selected vertical line colors
• Optional candle highlighting (background/border/both) at lookback bars
• Dashed vertical lines at lookback points (toggleable)
• Current price row with automatic spanning
• Time row shown only for daily levels (cleaner layout for intraday)
• Alerts on price crossing any enabled level (with dynamic messages)
• Compact mode for shorter labels
Perfect for support/resistance analysis, order flow, or ICT/SMC concepts. Works seamlessly on any timeframe, including 15min charts.
Indicators and strategies
Chartmojo Candle Lines ProjectorThis script uses the previous and current candles wicks and top and bottom of candle bodies to project direction at any given moment. It connects upper and lower wicks and candle bodies and projects forward as well. I think of the upper wicks as sells/resistance and the lower ones as buys/support. Same with the candle bodies. I personally use it to scalp and wait for say resistance on a chart, then rather than just selling the level I will short when all the lines turn down/red. it It's just part of a system with other correlation and indicators etc. For me it's easier than looking at the candles for these signals. it's direct graphic direction projection. Use at your own risk of course. It's meant to be used within and complement a broader system
kushjahan - metrics calculatorthese details are vital for EV, regarding your scanning and positioning.
True S/R Ultimate [Wonra]# True S/R Ultimate - TradingView Description
## Short Description (for script settings)
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Volume-weighted Support & Resistance levels with buyer/seller pressure analysis. Shows the strongest levels based on historical price reactions and trading volume.
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## Full Description
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█ OVERVIEW
True S/R Ultimate identifies genuine support and resistance levels by analyzing historical pivot points weighted by trading volume. Unlike traditional S/R indicators that draw lines everywhere, this indicator filters and displays only the strongest levels where significant trading activity occurred.
The indicator uses a multi-factor approach:
• Volume accumulation at each price level
• Number of times price has touched/reacted to the level
• Buyer vs Seller pressure ratio at each zone
█ HOW IT WORKS
The indicator detects pivot highs and lows across your specified lookback period. When multiple pivots occur near the same price, they are grouped together, and their volumes are accumulated. This creates "volume clusters" that represent areas where traders have historically found value.
LEVEL NAMING:
• S1, S2, S3... = Support levels (below current price), ranked by volume strength
• R1, R2, R3... = Resistance levels (above current price), ranked by volume strength
• S1/R1 = Strongest level with highest accumulated volume
• S5/R5 = Weakest displayed level
█ READING THE LABELS
Each level displays:
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ R2 │ 1,789 │ ← Level name + Price
│ Vol: 21.8M │ 🟢 BUY 64% │ ← Volume + Dominant pressure
└─────────────────────────────────┘
VOLUME (Vol):
Shows the total accumulated trading volume at this level. Higher volume = stronger level.
• K = Thousands (1K = 1,000)
• M = Millions (1M = 1,000,000)
• B = Billions (1B = 1,000,000,000)
PRESSURE INDICATOR:
• 🟢 BUY XX% = Buyers were dominant at this level (bullish pressure)
• 🔴 SELL XX% = Sellers were dominant at this level (bearish pressure)
• Percentage shows the strength of the dominant side
█ COLOR CODING
The indicator uses smart color coding based on WHO was in control at each level:
GREEN/TEAL ZONES (🟢 BUY pressure > 50%):
• Buyers were more aggressive when price hit this level
• For SUPPORT: Strong buy interest, likely to bounce again
• For RESISTANCE: May break through as buyers are willing to pay higher
RED ZONES (🔴 SELL pressure > 50%):
• Sellers were more aggressive when price hit this level
• For RESISTANCE: Strong selling pressure, likely to reject again
• For SUPPORT: Weaker support, may break down
█ HOW TO USE
SCENARIO 1: Price approaching GREEN Support (e.g., S1 with 🟢 BUY 76%)
✓ This is a HIGH-PROBABILITY bounce zone
✓ Previous touches showed strong buyer absorption
✓ Consider LONG entries with stop below the zone
SCENARIO 2: Price approaching RED Resistance (e.g., R1 with 🔴 SELL 71%)
✓ This is a HIGH-PROBABILITY rejection zone
✓ Previous touches showed strong seller distribution
✓ Consider SHORT entries with stop above the zone
SCENARIO 3: Price approaching GREEN Resistance (e.g., R2 with 🟢 BUY 64%)
⚠ This resistance may be WEAK
⚠ Buyers were aggressive here before - may break through
⚠ Wait for confirmation before shorting
SCENARIO 4: Price approaching RED Support (e.g., S3 with 🔴 SELL 72%)
⚠ This support may be WEAK
⚠ Sellers were aggressive here - may break down
⚠ Be cautious with long entries
█ WHY LEVELS ABOVE PRICE CAN BE GREEN
When you see a RESISTANCE level (above current price) colored GREEN:
• It means when price was previously AT that level, BUYERS were dominant
• This doesn't mean the level is now support
• It means if price revisits this zone, it might break THROUGH (not reject)
• The buying pressure from before suggests demand at that price
Conversely, when you see a SUPPORT level (below price) colored RED:
• Previous touches showed sellers were in control
• This support may be weaker than it appears
• Consider tighter stop losses if going long at this level
█ SETTINGS
📊 MAIN SETTINGS
• Lookback Bars: How far back to analyze (default: 500)
• Minimum Touches: Required reactions to form a valid level (default: 2)
• Zone Width: Tolerance for grouping similar prices (default: 1%)
• Pivot Length: Sensitivity for detecting pivots (default: 5)
🎨 DISPLAY
• Max Levels: How many S/R levels to show per side (default: 5)
• Show Zone Boxes: Visual boxes around each level
🎨 COLORS
• Bullish/Buyers: Color for buy-dominated zones
• Bearish/Sellers: Color for sell-dominated zones
█ BEST PRACTICES
1. Use on higher timeframes (4H, Daily) for stronger levels
2. Combine with other confluence (trendlines, EMAs, Fibonacci)
3. Watch for volume confirmation when price approaches a level
4. S1/R1 are your primary levels - trade these with more size
5. S4/S5 or R4/R5 may be weaker - use confirmation
█ ALERTS
The indicator includes built-in alert conditions:
• "Near Support" - Price approaching strongest support
• "Near Resistance" - Price approaching strongest resistance
█ CREDITS
Developed by Wonra
Concept: Volume Profile meets Smart Money Concepts
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## Tags (for TradingView)
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support, resistance, volume, levels, zones, institutional, smart-money, supply-demand, order-flow, volume-profile
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Market Return Analyzerمؤشر محلل عوائد السوق يعرض أداء الأصل المالي عبر عدة فترات زمنية (يومي، أسبوعي، شهري، سنوي، وطويل الأجل) في جدول واضح وقابل للتخصيص مباشرة على الشارت، لمساعدة المتداول على اتخاذ قرارات أسرع وأكثر دقة
Market Return Analyzer displays multi-timeframe performance (Daily, Weekly, Monthly, YTD, and Long-Term returns) in a clean, customizable table directly on your chart.
Designed for traders and investors who want quick performance insights without clutter
SIGNAL simpleThis tool displays trendlines that simply show singal buyer or seller strength based on a combined set of MA and EMA lines
Hulline AAAThis tool displays trendlines that simply show buyer or seller strength based on a combined set of MA and EMA lines
Composite Trend IndicatorsTrend recognition: Based on ZigZag (depth/deviation/backtracking adjustable) annotation HH/HL/LH/LL, draw high and low point lines and labels, and selectable up/down trend coloring and BOS dot hints.
Moving average group: Optional display of 21/55/89/200 EMA, distinguished by different colors.
Support and Resistance: The second segment ZigZag generates horizontal lines or boxes, which can be extended and have quantity limits; diagonal lines and SR lines can be drawn, and labeled HH/HL/LH/LL.
Trend bar: Adaptive moving average (based on efficiency ratio), coloring the K-line to show short-term bullish and bearish momentum.
Divergence Detection: Finds regular/hidden divergences for multiple indicators such as MACD/Hist/RSI/CCI/MOM/OBV/VWMACD/CMF/MFI, draws lines, and can display indicator abbreviations/counts.
ICT Killzones & Sessions Pro |MC|ICT Killzones & Sessions Pro |MC|
Credits go to LuxAlgo for the great work 👍
This indicator has been further developed and enhanced with additional features.
This indicator highlights key market sessions and killzones directly on your chart, helping traders identify high-probability trading periods.
💎 Key features include 💎
🔸Display of major market sessions such as Asia, London, and New York (AM/PM) with customizable times and colors.
🔸Transparent session highlighting for visual clarity without cluttering the chart.
🔸Configurable vertical border lines with adjustable style, width, and color.
🔸Timeframe-based display limits to hide killzones on higher timeframes.
🔸Fully adjustable label size for easy identification of sessions.
🔸Customizable UTC offset to align sessions with your preferred timezone.
Designed for day traders and scalpers, it visually separates market sessions for better trade planning and timing.
Happy Trading!
JAM ALGO Scalping IntradayTrend & Momentum Indicator
SuperTREX is a trend-following trading indicator designed to identify BUY and SELL opportunities by combining RSI momentum, ATR-based SuperTrend logic, and an optional EMA trend filter.
The indicator focuses on clarity and stability, providing clean signals, visual trade zones, and a simple performance overview directly on the chart.
Key Features
Trend Detection
SuperTrend-style logic based on ATR volatility
Visual trend line with optional background coloring
Momentum Confirmation
RSI crossovers to detect momentum shifts
Helps filter low-quality or late entries
Optional EMA Filter
Trade in the direction of the broader trend
Can be enabled or disabled by the user
Flexible Trade Modes
LONG only
SHORT only
BOTH (default)
Visual Trade Management
Automatic Take Profit and Stop Loss zones
ATR-based or Percentage-based
TP / SL boxes projected forward from each entry
JAM ALGO Scalping Intraday - Fully customizable colors, opacity, and borders
Statistics Dashboard
Total number of trades
Wins and losses
Win rate
Average R per trade
The dashboard updates in real time and is fully customizable.
Alerts
BUY alerts
SELL alerts
Alerts are triggered only when conditions are met and do not repaint.
Reliability
No repainting
No security() calls
No lookahead bias
Pine Script v6 compatible
Designed for intraday and swing trading
Disclaimer
This indicator is a technical analysis tool, not financial advice.
Always apply proper risk management and confirm signals with market context.
Tasty Trades ParserTasty Trades Parser plots your Tastytrade executions directly on the chart.
Paste the CSV exported from Tastytrade and the script will draw labels on the candles where each trade occurred, showing whether it was a credit or debit, the trade price, and the full description on hover.
Notes & assumptions
Trades are assumed to belong to the current chart symbol (no symbol validation).
The CSV format must match the standard Tastytrade export.
If trades do not appear, adjust the Timezone input to match the timezone used when exporting the file.
Supports multiple trades per candle.
Valuation Multi-Asset [MTF]Description This indicator is a specialized Intermarket Analysis tool designed to determine the relative valuation of an asset by comparing its performance against key global benchmarks (Currency, Commodities, Bonds, and Sector ETFs).
Unlike standard oscillators (like RSI) that only look at the asset's own price, this script calculates a Relative Value Index.
Underlying Concepts & Methodology The script operates on the principle of asset correlation and mean reversion ratios. The calculation logic follows these steps:
Ratio Calculation: It computes the price ratio between the Chart Asset and a Benchmark Asset (e.g., Symbol / DXY).
Smoothing: It applies a double smoothing method using Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs) to filter out short-term noise from the ratio.
Historical Normalization: Based on valuation theories (inspired by concepts like Larry Williams' valuation window), the script normalizes the smoothed ratio over a user-defined lookback period (default is 3 years/156 weeks). This ranks the current relative value between 0 and 100.
Key Features
Multi-Benchmark Comparison: Automatically compares the asset against the Dollar Index (DXY), Gold (GC1!), Bonds (ZB1!), and Sector ETFs.
MTF Dashboard: Includes a Multi-Timeframe table to see valuation status across Daily, Weekly, and Monthly views simultaneously.
ETF Reference: A built-in reference table to help you quickly find the correct Sector ETF for stock correlation.
How to Use
Undervalued Zone (< 15): When the line turns Green (or enters the bottom zone), the asset is historically cheap relative to the benchmark. This often indicates a potential accumulation or reversal point.
Overvalued Zone (> 85): When the line turns Red (or enters the top zone), the asset is historically expensive relative to the benchmark, suggesting potential distribution.
Divergences: Watch for divergences between the asset price and the Valuation Index (e.g., Price makes a new high, but the Valuation Index against Gold makes a lower high).
Settings
You can toggle individual benchmark lines (Asset 1 to 4).
Adjust the "Lookback Period" to change the historical normalization window.
Customize the Overbought/Oversold thresholds.
To comply with House Rules regarding non-English UI, here is the translation of the script's settings menu:
1. Seleção de Ativos (Asset Selection)
Usar Timeframe Personalizado = Use Custom Timeframe
Mostrar Ativo = Show Asset
Símbolo = Symbol
2. Tabela de Referência de ETFs (ETF Reference Table)
Posição da Tabela = Table Position
Categoria = Category (Sectors, Metals, Energy, Grains, Softs, Livestock)
3. Parâmetros do Índice (Index Parameters)
Comprimento EMA = EMA Length
Comprimento R do VIndex = VIndex Lookback Period
4. Níveis de Valuation (Valuation Levels)
Sobrevaloração = Overvaluation
Subvaloração = Undervaluation
Nível Neutro = Neutral Level
5. Configurações de Tabela (Table Settings)
Tamanho do Texto = Text Size
Tema = Theme (Dark/Light)
Usar Cores Personalizadas = Use Custom Colors
Mostrar Setas de Momentum = Show Momentum Arrows
6. Análise Multi-Timeframe (MTF Analysis)
Mostrar Colunas = Show Columns
Descrição Este indicador é uma ferramenta de Análise Intermercado projetada para determinar o "Valuation" (valor relativo) de um ativo comparando seu desempenho com benchmarks globais (Dólar, Ouro, Títulos e ETFs Setoriais).
Conceitos e Metodologia O script opera com base no princípio de correlação de ativos e reversão à média de ratios. A lógica de cálculo:
Cálculo da Razão: Calcula a divisão de preço entre o Ativo do Gráfico e o Benchmark (ex: Ativo / DXY).
Suavização: Aplica Médias Móveis Exponenciais (EMAs) para filtrar o ruído.
Normalização Histórica: Baseado em teorias de valuation (inspirado no método de "Valuation Index" de Larry Williams), o script normaliza esse ratio dentro de uma janela histórica (padrão de 3 anos/156 semanas), classificando o valor atual entre 0 e 100.
Como Usar
Zona Subvalorizada (< 15): Quando a linha fica Verde, o ativo está historicamente barato em relação ao benchmark.
Zona Sobrevalorizada (> 85): Quando a linha fica Vermelha, o ativo está historicamente caro em relação ao benchmark.
Killzones & DoL's by @mohtradesThe KillZones & DoLs indicator is a comprehensive tool designed for ICT and institutional traders. It provides a clean, customizable way to visualize key time-based levels, killzone sessions, and daily/weekly/monthly statistics directly on your chart.
Key Features
1. Killzones & Sessions
Visualize the three major trading sessions with customizable boxes and time ranges:
Asia Range: Default 20:00 - 00:00 (NY Time)
London Killzone: Default 02:00 - 05:00 (NY Time)
New York Killzone: Default 09:30 - 16:00 (NY Time)
Killzone Tools:
Boxes: Draw highlighted boxes for each session.
Pivots: Automatically mark the High and Low of each session.
Midpoints: Optionally show the 50% equilibrium level of the session range.
Extensions: Extend pivot lines until they are mitigated (price touches them) or keep them for a set duration.
Alerts: Get notified when a session High or Low is broken.
2. Highs & Lows (HTF Levels)
Track significant liquidity levels from higher timeframes without switching charts:
Previous Day High/Low (PDH/PDL)
Previous Week High/Low (PWH/PWL)
Previous Month High/Low (PMH/PML)
Current High/Low of Day (HOD/LOD): Tracks the developing high and low of the current day.
Current High/Low of Week (HOW/LOW): Tracks the developing high and low of the current week.
3. Opening Price Lines
Mark key opening prices to use as support/resistance or bias confirmation:
True Day Open (00:00 NY)
Week Open
Month Open
Custom Open Lines: Configure up to 8 custom time-based open price lines (e.g., 06:00, 10:00, 14:00).
4. Separators & Statistics
Period Separators: Vertical lines marking the start of new Days, Weeks, or Months.
Range Table: Display the range (in pips/points) of recent sessions and their average to gauge volatility.
Customization
Timezone: Fully adjustable to your preferred timezone (default America/New_York).
Styling: Customize colors, line styles, widths, and label sizes for all elements.
Drawing Limits: Optimize chart cleanliness by limiting historical drawings to the last N days.
How to Use
Add the indicator to your chart.
Open Settings to enable/disable specific Killzones (Asia, London, NY).
Enable "Show PDH/PDL" or "Show HOW/LOW" to track liquidity.
Set your convenient timezone (typically NY for ICT concepts).
Use alerts to catch liquidity runs on session pivots.
Opening Price Lines Pro |MC|Opening Price Lines Pro |MC|
Credits go to tradeforopp for the great work 👍
This indicator has been further developed and enhanced with additional features.
💎 Features 💎
This indicator plots key opening prices, session times, and previous day high/low levels directly on the chart. It allows users to:
🔸Display multiple horizontal lines for daily and session open prices with customizable colors, styles, and label sizes.
🔸Show previous day high (PDH), low (PDL), and midline (50% level) for quick reference.
🔸Add vertical timestamp lines for major market sessions or custom times.
🔸Set cutoff times to limit line extensions and control the number of drawn lines on the chart.
🔸Adjust timezone offsets for accurate session and open price visualization.
🔸Fully customize label positions, offsets, colors, and line styles.
🔸Limit visibility based on timeframe and number of days for cleaner charts.
It’s designed to help traders quickly identify key levels and market sessions while maintaining a clean and organized chart layout.
Happy Trading!
Batik Lite BATIK INDICATOR LITE — the Syndicate’s silent signal for clean, high-probability zones. No noise. No drama. Just zones.
What is BATIK?
BATIK stands for:
Balance • Accuracy • Timing • Intelligent • Konsistent
It’s a proprietary zone concept designed to highlight areas where price is most likely to react, reverse, or continue after confirmation — so you can wait for the retest and move like a professional, not a chaser.
What this Lite version does
Marks BATIK B (Buy Zone) & BATIK S (Sell Zone) after confirmation
Draws a clean zone box based on the key candle and extends it up to 55 bars
Keeps your chart clean: only 10 previous zones + 1 current zone
Built for fast reading and sniper-style planning
Performance Claim
BATIK is known in the community for a high win-rate, with a claimed up to 98% when used with proper filtering, discipline, and risk management.
Results may vary. Trading is risky — manage risk like a boss.
Recommended Timeframe
✅ M5 and above
🏆 M5 is reported as the highest win-rate timeframe for BATIK-style execution.
Market Coverage
✅ Can be used on all available charts and pairs in the market
(Forex, Gold, Crypto, Indices — wherever your chart lives.)
Pricing (Subscription / Access)
MYR 150 / month
MYR 750 / 6 months
MYR 1200 / year
Request Access / Support
Email: castcallasia@gmail.com
WhatsApp: +60179999109
Aurum Shadow LevelsDynamic institutional levels that combine order blocks, liquidity voids, and fair value gaps with a real volume filter. They update in real time and highlight the zones where large players accumulate or distribute without retail noticing.
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Niveles institucionales dinámicos que combinan order blocks, liquidity voids y fair value gaps con un filtro de volumen real. Se actualizan en tiempo real y marcan las zonas donde los grandes jugadores acumulan o distribuyen sin que el retail lo note.
EMA Strategy Flip/DCA + PnL (Aidan)This is a long only , trend focused EMA strategy designed for capital preservation and entries in sustained market movement, rather than short term trading.
At its core, the system is intentionally simple:
-Uses a dual EMA trend structure to identify bullish and bearish regimes
-Avoids unnecessary exits when price action is indecisive
-Emphasizes staying aligned with the larger market direction
All of these characteristics inherently work best on longer time frames, I typically use the 1D view but have also tested in the 1W and 4H views as well.
Philosophy 🧠
Markets do not move in clean, continuous trends. They alternate between:
-Expansion (breakouts/breakdowns)
-Compression (consolidation/chop)
Most traditional EMA crossover strategies fail because they:
-Overreact during consolidation
-Constantly flip positions
-Slowly bleed capital in sideways markets
This indicator attempts to solve that issue by filtering how sell signals are treated depending on market behavior, rather than blindly acting on every crossover. These are denoted by the "weak sell" indications which are defined by the length of each EMA expansion period.
HOW IT WORKS ⚙️
Buy Signals
Buy signals are generated when the EMA structure flips bullish.
On higher timeframes, these buys aim to align with broader market momentum, not short-term noise.
Weak Sell vs Strong Sell
Not every bearish EMA flip is treated equally. Short, flickering EMA flips (common in consolidation) are treated as “weak sells”, meaning the position is held. The length that defines each "weak sell" can be edited through settings under "flip-distance regime" if you so choose. I keep mine between 20-30 ticks.
Capital is not forced out of the market prematurely. Only when an EMA move shows sufficient trend persistence does the indicator issue a strong sell, fully closing the position.
DCA-Friendly by Design
One of the strengths of this indicator is that it can be used in a dollar-cost-averaging (DCA) mindset.
Some users may choose to:
-Simply buy on each buy signal
-Hold positions through weak sell periods
-Use strong sell signals as higher-confidence exits
This approach can be particularly effective for traders or investors with a long-term outlook who prefer gradual position building with less emotion on each buy. The amount of max tolerable DCA entries can be edited through settings (default 6)
Best Practices & Usage Notes
-This indicator performs best on 4H and 1D charts (be sure to note your "flip distance regime" in settings or the weak sell periods may be inaccurate)
-Blue chip and macro markets prove to yield the most consistent results during back testing, although I've seen impressive results on volatile markets as well.
-It is not designed for scalping or very low timeframes
-No indicator is perfect — not every buy or sell will be optimal
-For best results, it should be used alongside:
-Higher-timeframe trend analysis
-Market structure (higher highs / higher lows)
-Macro context or sector strength
-Your own risk management rules
Think of this tool as a framework, not a prediction engine. When used with discipline and proper context, it can serve as a reliable indicator for traders focused on sustainable growth rather than constant activity.
I am always open to suggestions on improvements; please feel free to comment below and let me know any ideas you might have for bettering the indicator, or if you just have questions I'll be happy to answer any!
Good luck out there!!
Luis-Enrico COT IndexCOT Index by Luis-Enrico transforms raw Commitments of Traders data into a normalized sentiment indicator that oscillates between bullish and bearish zones. The indicator calculates an index value based on the net positioning of the three main COT trader groups (Commercials, Non-Commercials, and Non-Reportables) from the weekly CFTC reports.
The index is designed to provide a clear visual reference: values in the upper zone signal bullish market conditions, while values in the lower zone indicate bearish or short-biased positioning. This allows traders to quickly identify whether the prevailing sentiment among institutional, speculative, and smaller market participants is skewed toward long or short positions.
By normalizing the positioning data into a single index value, the tool simplifies the interpretation of complex COT reports and helps traders assess potential turning points or confirmation of existing trends.
Since COT data is only published once per week by the CFTC, this indicator is exclusively designed for use on the 1W (weekly) timeframe. Applying it on lower timeframes will result in inaccurate or misleading visualizations due to irregular data spacing and should be avoided for proper analysis.
Luis-Enrico COT net positionsCOT Net Positions by Luis-Enrico provides a structured view of how different trader groups are positioned in the futures markets based on the weekly Commitments of Traders (COT) reports published by the CFTC. The indicator calculates the net position of each group by subtracting Short from Long contracts and plots these values as continuous lines, making shifts in positioning easy to track over time.
It focuses on the three primary COT categories: Commercials, Non-Commercials, and Non-Reportables, allowing traders to distinguish between hedging activity, speculative flows, and smaller market participants. By observing how these groups adjust their exposure, users can better evaluate market sentiment, potential trend reversals, and changes in underlying market pressure.
Because COT data is only updated once per week, this indicator is designed specifically for use on the 1W timeframe to ensure a clean and consistent visualization. Applying it on lower timeframes can distort the display and spacing of data points and is therefore not recommended for proper interpretation.
