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Snaps

Your essential 20 second market digests.
ETHUSD
The final rehearsal

It’s nearly showtime people, please grab your popcorn and head to your seats soon bc ETH 2.0 could be making its debut as soon as September.

RIVN
Steering toward a solid production target

Rivian’s wheels are a lil bit stuck in the supply chain mud, but investors pull the stock out the red after seeing its target-meeting production plans.

SPX
PPI paints a pretty picture

The economic news just keeps on coming and investors keep trying to dissect what it means for rate hikes while oil prices hold up the S&P 500.

NYT
NYT getting noticed

Right, here’s the scoop: the New York Times has attracted attention from an activist investor group that has big plans for its digital strategy.

BTCUSD
Asset managers ignore the rout

Asset managers ain’t fazed by recent market bearishness, still seeing enough demand for BlackRock to up its Bitcoin offering game.

NDX
High on CPI data

Investors analyze CPI data harder than the group chat analyzes your ex’s insta story, and like the group chat, there are a lot of different opinions and nobody actually knows the answer.

MATICUSD
When lines get blurred

Developers of Blur Finance give a refresher course on how to carry out a crypto rug-pull – by making off with $600k worth of tokens.

APEUSD
Bored ape thieves get doxxed

Mon dieu! Phishing scammers in Paris have been exposed for swiping NFTs, joining an anonymous trickster in highlighting the complexities of Tornado Cash while they’re at it.

BMBL
Too many fish in the sea?

Investors were hoping that Bumble would DTR between the market and online dating apps, but turns out consumers are having a tough time committing.

TOTALDEFI
Bridges are getting burnt

The use of cross-chain bridges for crypto laundering is reaching new heights, and in light of the recent Tornado Cash ban – regulation could be brewing.

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Ideas

Dietary Supplements For TradersLong sitting at the computer, constant stress, bad ecology in the cities, unbalanced nutrition all this is detrimental to the health of forex trader, as well as any intellectual worker. Today is not going to be a typical post. We're going to talk about supplements that help improve mental and physical vitality under emotional pressure from the market. I will share with you those remedies that I myself use. What are dietary supplements? Nutritional supplements are supplements, usually based on natural ingredients. They are not medicines, but act similarly to vitamins. There are universal nutritional supplements, and there are specialized ones for bones, brain, heart, etc. Consider dietary supplements not as something magical, but as a kind of bonus, "+1 to HP", if we put it in computer game terms. There are opponents of supplements, there are supporters. Personally, I have tried various supplements for many years, and below is a list of what I think are the best. Of course, it all depends on the individual, for example, I have problems with the stomach and cervical spine, so, let's say, joint supplements for the average person needs less than I do. Try to try everything on your body, diseases (if any) and preferences. My experience is just my experience, not the fact that what works for you is what works for me. Omega Fatty Acids Omega-3, omega-6, omega-7, and omega-9. These are all varieties of fatty acids found in foods such as fish, nuts, some fruits and vegetables. Omega's are healthy bones, immune system, breasts, cardiovascular system, intestines and pancreas as well as improve memory and brain function. I recommend unconditionally to all. I myself have been drinking for many years. Omega-7 is generally rare, and here it is in a complex, perfectly balanced, also containing astaxanthin - the most powerful antioxidant in the world. Cordyceps I use it when I need a lot of energy. When flights, busy days. This is a parasitic fungus that sucks the life juices out of insects that it encounters: grasshoppers, ants, etc. In China, cordyceps has been used medicinally for 5000 years. In addition to energy, it stimulates brain activity by improving blood circulation, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, as well as the immune system. Unfortunately, there are a lot of fakes, be careful. One rule of thumb - cordyceps can't be cheap, as very little of it is extracted. Ginseng Ginseng has long been known for its healing powers. Unlike cordyceps, it gives a deeper energy, not so pronounced, the effect is noticeable a little later. In addition to physical energy helps with mental fatigue. In dietary supplements is usually used artificially grown ginseng, as it is cheaper. Wild ginseng is considered more powerful, I can't recommend any particular supplement, so please try it. If you feel the effect, it means that it is suitable for you. Now I take this one. Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo Biloba is the plant whose leaf extract is closest to those "NZT pills" from the famous movie " Limitless ". It nourishes the brain, improves memory, attention, mental performance, and slows the aging process of the brain. Result is not instant; miracles is not going to happen. Garlic. Garlic kills a lot of pathogens inside the body, a couple of times a year I take a course. What is interesting, everyone knows about the properties of garlic as an anti-cold and immune boosting agent, but it also helps to reduce cholesterol and improve male potency. Garlic is a dietary supplement in a concentrated form and in large quantities. This will not make your breath stink. Hyaluronic Acid Hyaluronic acid is a constituent of many tissues in our body. Hyaluronic acid is commonly advertised as an anti-wrinkle cosmetic, for younger looking skin, etc. But it is also excellent for joints, muscles and ligaments. Scientists are predicting that in the future, this acid will form the basis of cancer fighting agents. In this way, it is an excellent remedy for the mobility of the joints and has an aesthetic effect on the skin. Blueberries Although modern monitors don't strain our eyes as much, there's still nothing good for vision in the glowing screens of laptops, cell phones and tablets that we all often look at. And it doesn't hurt to take preventive care. Blueberries are very good for vision. And in combination with the substance Lutein, the effect is enhanced. I try to remember to take a course of blueberry extract with lutein once a year to prevent good vision. Calm You also need to drink a soothing magnesium-based mixture. It promotes better sleep and relieves stress, of which there is so much in a trader's job. I drink it at night. How to use supplements? The most important rule is not to overdo it. Make sure that you do not overdose on any components/vitamins. For example, if you drink something with vitamin E, you should not take a supplement at the same time, where vitamin E is also present, albeit as an auxiliary component. Also, watch your own well-being. What works for one person won't necessarily work for another. Conclusion Various supplements help, but they are not a panacea. If you have, God forbid, any diseases, be sure to see a doctor. Also, supplements work many times better when you combine them with physical activity. Yes, that's right: you have to get off the couch and go to the gym. Choose what you like: yoga, aerobics, tennis. It's your business, but physical activity has to be, without it there is no way.
Editors' picks
Education
12
Why Corporate Bonds are not a good option for Retail InvestorsCorporate bonds or tradeable debt instruments issued by corporations are a type of fixed income security. Given the recent media attention and the rising demand for fixed income investments among retail investors, it may come as a surprise that they are not suitable for all investors. Corporate bonds have different risks associated with them than other fixed income investments like savings accounts, money market funds, and even municipal bonds. If you are considering investing in corporate bonds or are already holding some in your portfolio, here is why you should avoid them as a retail investor What is a Corporate Bond? A corporate bond is a debt instrument issued by a corporation to raise money. Corporate bonds typically have a set maturity date after which the outstanding principal will be repaid. There are many kinds of corporate bonds, including investment grade and high yield, government and non-government, and they can be issued in local or foreign currencies. Corporate bonds are often traded on the secondary market, which means they are liquid and can be bought and sold easily. Investors earn a return on corporate bonds by receiving interest payments and by the increase in the bond’s value as it matures. The interest rate on a corporate bond is based on factors like the company’s credit rating, the length of time the bond is outstanding, and the bond yield in the market at that time. Corporate bonds are typically less liquid than stocks, and may have shorter holding periods, especially if you purchase them on the secondary market. Risks of investing in Corporate Bonds Corporate bonds are considered a form of debt financing, and as such, there are risks associated with holding them. The main ones are default, liquidity, and interest rate risk. - Default risk - Investing in corporate bonds entails the risk that the issuing company will default on the payment of interest or the repayment of principal. However, since corporate bonds are issued by companies in different industries, there is a low probability that they will all default at the same time. - Liquidity risk - The risk that you will not be able to sell the investment in a timely fashion at a price that is attractive to you. - Interest rate risk - The risk that if you hold the investment until maturity, you will earn a lower rate of return because interest rates will have risen in the meantime. Why you should avoid Corporate Bonds as a Retail Investor While corporate bonds may be suitable for institutional investors, they are not a good option for the average retail investor. For one, you will have to educate yourself on the various types of corporate bonds, their risks and returns, and what kind of companies you should be investing in. Even if you are successful at taking this on, you are likely to end up with a very concentrated portfolio, which brings us to the next problem. The other issue is that retail investors typically hold a small number of bonds and these bonds are often concentrated in a few issuers. This is not a good strategy because if a company defaults, you could lose a large portion of your capital. This is clearly a bad strategy. So, How about Investment grade debt ETFs? LQD, In a rising interest-rate scenario. The bonds' tenure is clearly working against them, especially since unemployment continues to fall at an astonishing rate. This is not the time to invest in this ETF if the Fed raises interest rates to combat inflation. In order to completely comprehend this analysis we must know how important the duration is, while investing in bonds. Duration is an important topic. It is the bond's effective maturity, which means it is oriented to something lesser than the time of the bond's final payment since part of the bond's value, generally from coupons, happens earlier in the bond's existence. If a bond has a longer effective maturity at a fixed interest rate, it indicates that investors are tied to an interest rate that was once market for a longer period of time, and if rates increase as they are currently, you will be bound to an uneconomical rate for a longer period of time. Simply put, longer term bonds lose value more severely when interest rates increase. How maturity of a these bonds (Duration) is affecting LQD Unemployment has gone down despite the increased rates, which has surprised many analysts. The Phillips Curve is back in force, where low unemployment yields high inflation if inflation is kept down, and contrary to common perception, Consumer spending has declined, but unemployment is so low that it might rise again unless the Federal Reserve, which is committed to lowering inflation, continues its anti-inflation campaign. The Federal Reserve has raised rates as well as given gloomy recession predictions, and more banks are following its lead, including the Bank of England. LQD, which has dropped 14% this year, have long-duration bonds, majority of fixed-rate, which is concering for this ETF. Credit Spread Global Cooperate Bonds in general Corporate bonds continuing their strong performance in July, producing $80 million (+76% year on year).  July was the most profitable month of the year for CBs . Their  revenues in 2022 have exceeded from 2021 ($512 million). Average balances increased by 9.8% year on year, average costs increased by 59% year on year, and usage have increased by 27% year on year. Spreads on non-investment grade and high yield bonds continue to widen as corporate prospects deteriorate owing to weakening consumer demand and stricter financial conditions. In-turns , asset values fall, yields rises, and borrower demand increases. However, CG Debt funds have seen the highest monthly outflows in May and June (-$73.7 billion) In July, High Yield Bonds enjoyed the relieve rally. Interest rates vs Corporate Bonds comparison Alternatives to Corporate Bonds for retail investors For retail investors, the most advisable option is to go with government bonds. Government bonds have historically offered a lower risk profile compared to corporate bonds. The best way to go about investing in government bonds is to go for a diversified bond fund. Using a bond fund reduces the risk associated with investing in bonds further as the fund manager may hold a large number of different bonds. If you are looking at a short-term investment horizon (less than 10 years), then you could also opt for short-term government bonds. If you have a long-term horizon, then you could consider a long-term government bond fund. Savings accounts, money market funds, and short-term government bonds are very liquid forms of low risk investment options. Conclusion It is important to understand that the corporate bond market is not risk-free. When interest rates are rising, corporate bonds are generally falling in price as they are competing against government bonds with lower interest rates. In times of economic uncertainty or when interest rates are rising, the risk of default is generally higher for companies issuing corporate bonds. Thus, it is advisable to invest in corporate bonds only when the economy is growing steadily. For retail investors, the best options are to go with government bonds or short-term government bonds. These are low risk, liquid investments and will help you achieve your financial goals.
Editors' picks
Education
10
🔥 ALL Inflation Expectations Beat: Expect Summer Crypto Pump!Recently we've seen a lot of news and headlines surrounding today's CPI. The market expected that we'd go from 9.1% to 8.7% headline inflation. Furthermore, the market expected that the core inflation would rise from 5.9% to 6.1%. As seen on the charts, both expectations have been beaten. Both headline inflation and core inflation beat expectations by 0.2%, which naturally came as a bullish shock to the markets. In my view, this is just what we need to get BTC out of the bear flag pattern in which we've been trading sine June. I'm expecting overall bullishness until at least September. I'm especially looking at the yellow break out area. A close above here means that we will most likely break out of the bull flag and resume our way up. Note that yesterday's post is still valid. We didn't get a bearish close below the blue trend line, so the bulls have the incentive.
Editors' picks
Long
71
The Fork of Thrones - Will the Merge Fracture the ETH Ecosystem?The much anticipated (or dreaded if you're a miner) "merge" coming in Sep 19th will officially move the Ethereum ecosystem from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake. Justin Sun seems to see the opportunity for this event to sow some chaos within his competition by supporting ETHW and ETHS coins on the Poloniex exchanges as of this week. - ETHW and ETHS is similar to ETC (Ethereum Classic) in the sense that they are hard-forks of the original ETH chain - which means that if you had money in a wallet during the time of the fork, you would have gotten copied coins of it there, too. (Free money!) FYI, if you had your money on an exchange during that time, however, the coins go to them, not you. - ETC has had many issues in the past, including having gotten 51% attacked, which is probably the worst thing that can happen on any given chain. These new projects (with more likely to emerge as a result of miners looking for work after leaving ETH2) will also be vulnerable to similar attacks just because the smaller size makes it easier for hackers to target. - A lot of developers and artists were chased off ETH due to its high-gas fee problems last year, and it's unclear if they're going to be going back, or if the foundation has any strategy of addressing this problem in the near future. (Right now the ecosystem is dominated by talks of speculators talking to other speculators about speculation - which usually is a bad sign for a project's long-term prospects.) ETH has many issues to contend with, even if the merge is successful. (Sharding and scaling issues are planned for 2023, not in September, btw - it's unclear whether or not this upgrade will have an impact on the high fees.) - Crypto's biggest sell during a recession - staking rewards - is not available on Bitcoin, since simply doesn't have the mechanism to do so. The rivalry between the two coins right now revolves around the pros/cons of PoW vs PoS, but keep in mind that on PoW, mining power = voting power; on PoS, money = voting power. Aside from Tezos (XTZ) and a few other niche projects, most coins do not offer on-chain governance so the results of voting will always be unclear and vulnerable to manipulation/misinformation. It's going to be a crazy year for both crypto and the general economy so hope people are prepared. Good luck, folks. 🤞
Editors' picks
Long
21
The NASDAQ and Yield Curve Inversion Battle PlanTL:DR The NDX & Yeild Curve Inversion Pattern suggests that price is bouncing very technically and logically at a long term support trend line. The bubble phase will be complete when price action gets a lot of "white space" between itself and the trendline and the yield curve inverts again in about 2 years. Introduction There is definitely a lot of uncertainty in the market and lots of divergent and conflicting opinions. Lots of conflicting news as to why price could go up, down, or sideways. Ideally TA is suppose to help people see through the noise to make rational decisions in the moment you find yourselves in. A lot of this is pattern recognition and probabilities and sometimes, trite sayings to reenforce deeper lessons. Some of the first trite trading sayings sayings you could have been exposed to: The trend is your friend until the end So long as the music is playing keep dancing bulls make money, bears make money, pigs get slaughtered Lets keep those in mind going forward analysis There are several stages to a bubble and adept traders and investors will be able to negotiate the market with some understanding of what phase the bubble is in. Generally, there is a fair value stage of the bubble and I have that in the orange channels on the NDX and orange zones in the yield curve portion of the chart. Both orange zones go on for about two years and show lots of uncertainty or even chaos in the financial markets. The late 1988 to mid 1990 saw the end of the Saving and Long Crisis which was a pretty serious event. Looking back the dollar amounts seem relatively small compared to the money that is sloshing around now. The 2005 to 2008 yeild curve inversons kicked off the 2008 financial crisis and it took years for the NDX to return to the swing high of the yield curve inversion. Eventually the uptrend increases its angle of assent and the blue trend line appears. This becomes our long term support and so long as price action stays pretty close to the trend line the bubble can inflate for years. During this time yield curve inversions drive price action back down to the blue trendline. So long as the trendline holds you have a very logical reason to buy. The music is still playing and the trend is your friend until the end. There are many pull back systems you could use to buy the dip technically. Below is the NDX on the weekly with the 200 EMA. Every time it has hit the 200 EMA since 2010 it has been an outstanding buy. It is super easy to set stops down there as well. Whether you like that or not it is a very technical buy and very justified. You can buy dip bearing in mind that "Bulls make money.... pigs get slaughtered" The blow off phase of the bubble occurs when there starts to get a lot of white space between the blue trendline and price action. Once that happens you know that price is going to go below that level because that is how bubbles work. Quite frankly, when I see the white space and the yeild curve inverts again it is basically time to close longs within the next 30=60 days. There may be some more upside but it will be at the end of a bubble, no point in being to greedy and holding to long. Generalizations I see the United States stock market going crazy for the next two years to the upside and then crazy to the downside for another two years. I don't see precious metals having their run until after a lot of the damage from the NDX bubble pop happens. Gold futures bottomed about halfway through the NDX bear market and i think it would be fair to see that happening again. I see crypto going crazy to the upside along with NDX and then having an even crazier downside and that would be the first true bear market for crypto that occurs with a NDX bear market. There is going to be a lot of pain and misery and lots of projects getting the Luna treatment. My linked idea on the XABCD Butterly will show that disaster scenario. My trades I have taken a shining to a couple of cryptos, some new and some old. I still like DASH, DAOUSDT looks good, Kadena looks great. I hope to beat as much money out of these coins while the music is still playing and then hopefully get out before the financial market seizes up again. I think that if things go well for 2 years and my targets get reached before then should be able realize the gains before any catastrophe makes my funds unavailable. Last thing I want is my trades and equity be used to "bail in" the exchanges so they don't have to pay me out.
Editors' picks
Long
36
SPX: Caution, Pullback Ahead! One of the attributes of technical analysis is that it offers consistent tools to define and manage risk. The current SPX daily chart offers good illustration. -The current rally is maturing at a significant resistance level created by prior support and resistance levels (February, March, and June). I think of this as a polarity zone. -This is the polarity law: Previous support becomes resistance and previous resistance becomes support. Note that this zone was unsuccessfully tested in early June. The failure of that prior test is a warning sign. -Oscillators (RSI and PPO) are showing signs of fatigue. -PPO is percentage price oscillator. By presenting moving average levels as a percentage rather than a difference, it makes it easier to compare levels over time. -The low level of the average true range (ATR) suggests complacency. -There was an intraday bearish reversal (August 8th) to provide extra warning. -Two well-defined levels for a pullback would be the 20d exponential moving average and the 50d moving average. If those levels are reached, one would need to analyze market behavers and reevaluate their strategy. By moving to the time frame of higher perspective (in this case the weekly) we see the market is also having to deal with yet another important ceiling. In this case the almighty 30 weeks moving average (Stan Weinstein stages analysis) is acting as an important intermediate timeframe ceiling that also calls for a more cautious view. This is occurring with the weekly RSI moving into the 50 area (suggesting that the oversold has been adequately relieved). Being fractal (using multiple time frames) is important in technical analysis. After using the microscope (daily chart) we use the macroscope (weekly chart) to see if we can obtain extra nuggets of wisdom from the big picture. Net-net, the weight-of-the-evidence suggests that investors should be reducing their risk as the market is currently in a downtrend and has reached important resistance levels. Eric Conrads, CMT, CAIA, CEFA Chartered Market Technician Zenith Capital Shared content and posted charts are intended to be used for informational and educational purposes only. The CMT Association does not offer, and this information shall not be understood or construed as, financial advice or investment recommendations. The information provided is not a substitute for advice from an investment professional. The CMT Association does not accept liability for any financial loss or damage our audience may incur.
Editors' picks
44
Will AMC's Short Squeeze Continue?Primary Chart 1 : AMC Price on the Daily Chart with Significant Fibonacci Levels Noted Will AMC's Short Squeeze Continue? Another short squeeze has successfully launched a few lucky traders into the stratosphere. Maybe more than a few if some take profits timely. AMC has risen about +183% above its low on May 12, 2022. In the past several days since July 27, 2022, it has risen about 99.06%. All signs point to another short squeeze similar to the prior ones. Even volume patterns look the same—albeit much smaller than prior volume patterns. The short squeeze could continue as it did in June 2021. Short squeezes don't necessarily stop because everyone things price has gone too high. This article does not take a position on whether AMC is destined to revisit this year's lows or make new all-time lows. And predicting the behavior of numerous market participants—the retail buyers looking for a squeeze and the short sellers looking for a flush—and analyzing how such behavior is affected by other macro issues such as interest rates and liquidity in light of tightening Federal Reserve monetary policy would be a futile endeavor. As a result, one may look to technical analysis to try to make a prediction about the probabilities. Note on Primary Chart 1 how the price patterns at the prior short squeeze on March 29, 2022, and today's short squeeze, look nearly identical. Compare the two yellow ellipses on Primary Chart 1 above. Both peak candlesticks have an extremely tall bullish candle preceding them. And both sport a long upper shadow (or wick). Some technicians call this a Pinocchio candle or bar. This type of price bar shows up when the bar breaks temporarily above a level of resistance and then falls back below it. It also can appear when the bar breaks temporarily below a key support level, and then reclaims that level by the close of the bar. Some basics of Pinocchio bars follow below for those unfamiliar with the term: Martin Pring, a technical expert, writes that these bars "give a false sense of what is really going on." Pinocchio bars tend to create bull or bear traps depending on the direction the long upper shadow points. Upside breakouts, such as here with AMC, lock in unwary longs with a loss by the close of the bar. Shorts similarly get stopped when intraday bars pierce well below support and then whipsaw back above that support by the close. In Martin Pring's books, he further explains that the "false break" that develops is " indicative of exhaustion since the price cannot hold above the strong resistance reflected by the line ." In short, like the character Pinocchio's nose that grows when he lies, the price move beyond the resistance / support ends up being a false move, and the bigger the false move, the bigger the lie. In summary, the Pinocchio bar with a long upper shadow, especially when viewed along side other similar bars over the past year, imply that price has likely exhausted to the upside for the time being. Further support for exhaustion is evident. Note how the Fibonacci projection levels have provided strong support and resistance repeatedly since the all-time high in June 2021. Primary Chart 1 labels those levels and points out their operation as strong resistance on multiple occasions. The last two rally attempts occurred in December 2021 and March 2022. Both these rally attempts failed at the .50 Fibonacci projection (green line shown on Primary Chart 1). For the current rally, the price bars with the long upper shadow pierces the next Fibonacci level of importance in the sequence: the .618 level which lies just below the .50 level . This also supports at least a temporary pullback or consolidation. Additional evidence supports exhaustion. Note below how AMC's price has now risen to +5 ATR on the daily and its candle has a long upper shadow. Moves to +3 ATR are rarely sustainable for long much less +5ATR. In the chart below, note the location of price relative to the +3 ATR Keltner Channel. The +3 ATR KC is the outermost band on the upper edge of the KC bands. Supplementary Chart 2.1: AMC's price well above +3 ATR band on the Daily Chart using Keltner Channels Supplementary Chart 2.2: AMC's price relative to the +5 ATR band on the daily chart using Keltner Channels Finally, note the declining volume on each successive short squeeze. This suggests that the buying pressure has waned as short squeezes have continued following each major decline. Supplementary Chart 3.1: AMC's price well above +3 ATR band on the Daily Chart using Keltner Channels But the persistence of the buyers squeezing the shorts should be recognized as something that is a new force in markets since what occurred in 2021. Price could indeed push higher if enough collective buying force continues in stock and options markets sufficient to overwhelm all supply. Price can do a lot of things no one expects. But based on technical analysis alone, however, price likely falls lower from here. This author makes no argument that new lows will be reached. It will be important to watch the pullback to answer that question. A reasonable price target would seem to be 16.50 near the .618 retracement of the rally from the May 12, 2022, low to the August 8, 2022 high.
Editors' picks
24
How to improve your trading by looking at interest rates: Part 1Hey everyone! 👋 This month, we wanted to explore the topic of interest rates; what they are, why they are important, and how you can use interest rate information in your trading. This is a topic that new traders typically gloss over when starting out, so we hope this is a helpful and actionable series for new people looking to learn more about macroeconomics and fundamental analysis! The first question when dealing with interest rates is how to see the information on TradingView. While you can always click the "Bonds" tab under "Markets" and navigate to the "Rates" table, an even easier way to view interest rates across the globe is by using the 'search' terminal and typing in "10Y". Then, click "Economy", and you should be able to see all of the global 10 year interest rates markets: This configuration will get you "10 year" rates, but you can get different maturity bonds by using other tickers. For example, you can see United States 3 month rates by typing "US03M", or Brazilian 10 year rates by typing "BR10Y". All of the rates markets in our system follow this ticker standard. Try one! It's easy. For people who aren't familiar, here's the lowdown on how interest rates work. Interest rates fluctuate in the open market just like stocks or cryptocurrency; they move inversely to government bond prices. In this way, you can simply look at government bond prices to get a sense of how interest rates are doing -> they will be moving in the opposite direction. The reason behind this is that when bonds are issued, they are issued with a "par value" and a "coupon rate". Let's say that the par value for a government bond is $1,000, and the coupon rate is 2%. This means that every year, the bond issuer will pay the bond owner $20. The thing is, after bonds are issued, they can be traded freely in the open market. Let's say that the $1,000 bond increases in value and begins trading at $1,030 because there is significant demand for some reason. Because the $20 paid to the bondholder is fixed, the actual "interest rate" that buyers get when they pay $1,030 for the bond a bit lower than 2% -> 1.94% to be exact. Thus, changes in bond prices change the real time "interest rates" in the market! One thing to note: Government bond rates are different than the Government-set "funds" rate, which is decided on by a country's central bank. Next week in part 2, we'll take a look what drives supply and demand for government bonds / interest rates, and how monetary policy influences all the assets you trade. Plus, how you can use this information to your advantage! See you next week! - Team TradingView ❤️❤️
Editors' picks
Education
50

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Educational ideas

Dietary Supplements For TradersLong sitting at the computer, constant stress, bad ecology in the cities, unbalanced nutrition all this is detrimental to the health of forex trader, as well as any intellectual worker. Today is not going to be a typical post. We're going to talk about supplements that help improve mental and physical vitality under emotional pressure from the market. I will share with you those remedies that I myself use. What are dietary supplements? Nutritional supplements are supplements, usually based on natural ingredients. They are not medicines, but act similarly to vitamins. There are universal nutritional supplements, and there are specialized ones for bones, brain, heart, etc. Consider dietary supplements not as something magical, but as a kind of bonus, "+1 to HP", if we put it in computer game terms. There are opponents of supplements, there are supporters. Personally, I have tried various supplements for many years, and below is a list of what I think are the best. Of course, it all depends on the individual, for example, I have problems with the stomach and cervical spine, so, let's say, joint supplements for the average person needs less than I do. Try to try everything on your body, diseases (if any) and preferences. My experience is just my experience, not the fact that what works for you is what works for me. Omega Fatty Acids Omega-3, omega-6, omega-7, and omega-9. These are all varieties of fatty acids found in foods such as fish, nuts, some fruits and vegetables. Omega's are healthy bones, immune system, breasts, cardiovascular system, intestines and pancreas as well as improve memory and brain function. I recommend unconditionally to all. I myself have been drinking for many years. Omega-7 is generally rare, and here it is in a complex, perfectly balanced, also containing astaxanthin - the most powerful antioxidant in the world. Cordyceps I use it when I need a lot of energy. When flights, busy days. This is a parasitic fungus that sucks the life juices out of insects that it encounters: grasshoppers, ants, etc. In China, cordyceps has been used medicinally for 5000 years. In addition to energy, it stimulates brain activity by improving blood circulation, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, as well as the immune system. Unfortunately, there are a lot of fakes, be careful. One rule of thumb - cordyceps can't be cheap, as very little of it is extracted. Ginseng Ginseng has long been known for its healing powers. Unlike cordyceps, it gives a deeper energy, not so pronounced, the effect is noticeable a little later. In addition to physical energy helps with mental fatigue. In dietary supplements is usually used artificially grown ginseng, as it is cheaper. Wild ginseng is considered more powerful, I can't recommend any particular supplement, so please try it. If you feel the effect, it means that it is suitable for you. Now I take this one. Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo Biloba is the plant whose leaf extract is closest to those "NZT pills" from the famous movie " Limitless ". It nourishes the brain, improves memory, attention, mental performance, and slows the aging process of the brain. Result is not instant; miracles is not going to happen. Garlic. Garlic kills a lot of pathogens inside the body, a couple of times a year I take a course. What is interesting, everyone knows about the properties of garlic as an anti-cold and immune boosting agent, but it also helps to reduce cholesterol and improve male potency. Garlic is a dietary supplement in a concentrated form and in large quantities. This will not make your breath stink. Hyaluronic Acid Hyaluronic acid is a constituent of many tissues in our body. Hyaluronic acid is commonly advertised as an anti-wrinkle cosmetic, for younger looking skin, etc. But it is also excellent for joints, muscles and ligaments. Scientists are predicting that in the future, this acid will form the basis of cancer fighting agents. In this way, it is an excellent remedy for the mobility of the joints and has an aesthetic effect on the skin. Blueberries Although modern monitors don't strain our eyes as much, there's still nothing good for vision in the glowing screens of laptops, cell phones and tablets that we all often look at. And it doesn't hurt to take preventive care. Blueberries are very good for vision. And in combination with the substance Lutein, the effect is enhanced. I try to remember to take a course of blueberry extract with lutein once a year to prevent good vision. Calm You also need to drink a soothing magnesium-based mixture. It promotes better sleep and relieves stress, of which there is so much in a trader's job. I drink it at night. How to use supplements? The most important rule is not to overdo it. Make sure that you do not overdose on any components/vitamins. For example, if you drink something with vitamin E, you should not take a supplement at the same time, where vitamin E is also present, albeit as an auxiliary component. Also, watch your own well-being. What works for one person won't necessarily work for another. Conclusion Various supplements help, but they are not a panacea. If you have, God forbid, any diseases, be sure to see a doctor. Also, supplements work many times better when you combine them with physical activity. Yes, that's right: you have to get off the couch and go to the gym. Choose what you like: yoga, aerobics, tennis. It's your business, but physical activity has to be, without it there is no way.
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Education
12
TRENDLINE TRADING | Advanced trading lesson Hello traders 👋 Today im sharing my trading strategy with trendlines. It's my first education post, so maybe a lot of mistakes. Please don't take it the wrong way, thank you. Let's talk about lesson What are Trend lines? Trend lines are diagonal lines that are drawn on charts in the financial markets trading. Trend lines are used to highlight , visualize , and make price action easier to analyze on different instruments and assets in the financial market. How to trade And Use Trend Lines + basic supports. 1. Wait for touch ⌛ When drawing a trendline, the first thing price is check the three times or more. If the price is not checked three times or less, can't draw trendline. 2. Draw ✏️ To draw a trend line, you must choose a time frame. I'm use always bigger than 1 hour timeframe . This is because you want to find the price action for a longer period and not just some light movement. 3. The Basics of Support and Resistance + key levels ✔️ When trading with trend lines, the concept is applied in order to maximise the chances of winning trades. 4. Looking for entry + risk management 💰 Always wait for confirm example; trend line break + price making lower low + pullback + add indicators 🤲 If you like my strategy, Please like and comments. 🤲 Thank you!
Education
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Price Action Intro - channels and ranges examples using BABA DA brief intro to PA - examples using this D chart of BABA. See chart for notes and resources to learn more. Hope this helps some struggling traders that have 100 indicators and have no idea why trades fail etc. We have all been there. That next magic $300 indicator is really NOT the holy grail to fix all your woes. But RAW charts and PA just MAY BE the right answer. The problem.. it is DIFFICULT... it takes PREP and STUDY and LEARNING and SCREEN TIME. AND.. there are so so so many scammers in the trading world. I have listed 3 REAL DEAL mentors that are NOT scammers in the chart memo. If this helps ONE trader avoid a number of my early pitfalls, I will be so happy. Good luck on your trading journey!
Education
4
RSI Trend Strategy GuidelinesThe RSI is a versatile indicator, and can be used to provide entry signals during a trend. To get the signals a moving average is applied to the RSI. 1. Trades are only taken in the direction of the trend. For an uptrend only take longs. For a downtrend only take shorts (puts). 2. During a downtrend the RSI must move above 60 to indicate a pullback. When the RSI crosses back below its moving average (can be at any number, just as long as the RSI is or was above 60 recently) go short. 3. During an uptrend the RSI must move below 40 to indicate a pullback. When the RSI crosses back above its moving average (can be at any number, just as long as the RSI is or was below 40 recently) go long. 4. Give the price at least two or three bars (whatever time frame you are trading on) or more before considering an exit. This gives the price some time to move in your favor.
Education
How Smart Money took out our liquidity- Trapped with 2 Change of Character (CHoCH) in order to signal a reversal in trend. - Took out liquidity along the way to original Order Block - Damn! they got our Long & Short stop loss. What to do: - Keep watching Price Action until we see Break of Structure (BOS) in smaller time frame. - Plot an entry based on newly constructed Order Block. - Price came right at discount zone of fib level perfectly. - GO with the real move at WAGMI entry point!
Education
A Guide to Risk Reward Ratio (RRR) - How To Calculate and SetupHello Traders. Let me start off with a scenario that many - if not all has been through. Have you ever had a series of great trades, only to have one trade to burn your whole capital? It's probably everyone - and a guilty embarrassment that many do not want to admit. It's not bad - it's a learning process. I'm here to talk about how to effectively use stop losses. If you are not using stop losses - you are essentially gambling. You need to learn how to preserve your capital at best. A stop loss is an absolutely vital tool allowing you to limit your losses when you are trying to increase your probabilities using technical analysis. In my opinion, calculated risk is never going to be 100% risk free; however, It is mandatory on every position if you want to keep your money safe (or safer, haha!). Using a stop loss is like an insurance policy. In case the trade is going wrong (which can most definitely happy), you can be sure that a large part of your capital will be safe (again, keyword being large). Now, how do you place a stop loss? You are assuming that anyone can just use the stop loss tool and adjust the percentages and risk reward ratio to their likings, right? Wrong. You need to know how to place your stop via proper technical analysis, which is discussed below in a simple manner. Assuming you have a good probability set up, a stop loss allows you to sleep peacefully because a stop loss deletes the stress and allows you doing activities other than trading. You don’t need to monitor your trade every 10 minutes. The less you monitor your trade the less you risk to make mistakes. Some people will say that stop loss decreases the winning ratio. This is also absolutely wrong. Again, it is ABSOLUTELY wrong. Many traders argue to get 90%-100% of winning trades. How to place your stop loss: Place your stop loss according to the market price level according to the suggested ratio of 2:1 as shown in the above diagram. Why 2:1? The RR ratio is the difference between the potential loss and the potential profit of your trade, according to your trade setup. You never want to take a trade if your risk/reward ratio is below 1. A RR of 2 and more is one of the key factors in order to become successful in trading. Imagine the insane performance it would be, if every trade you make had a RR of 2 with 80% of winning trades - that is phenomenal. Also, I suggest that you never move your stop if the the trade goes wrong - I know many of you are also guilty of this. The only context allowing you moving your stop is if the market goes right in order to secure your profit (also known as, "moving up my stop loss in profit zones"). This is a part of the risk management series that I am creating. If interested, please check all of my great posts below! Trade Safe. X Force
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Education
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Pine Scripts

Bjorgum Double Tap█   OVERVIEW Double Tap is a pattern recognition script aimed at detecting Double Tops and Double Bottoms. Double Tap can be applied to the broker emulator to observe historical results, run as a trading bot for live trade alerts in real time with entry signals, take profit, and stop orders, or to simply detect patterns. █   CONCEPTS How Is A Pattern Defined? Doubles are technical formations that are both reversal patterns and breakout patterns. These formations typically have a distinctive “M” or a “W” shape with price action breaking beyond the neckline formed by the center of the pattern. They can be recognized when a ​pivot fails to break when tested for a second time and the retracement that follows breaks beyond the key level opposite. This can trap entrants that were playing in the direction of the prior trend. Entries are made on the breakout with a target projected beyond the neckline equal to the height of the pattern. Pattern Recognition Patterns are recognized through the use of ​zig-zag; a method of filtering price action by connecting swing highs and lows in an alternating fashion to establish trend, ​support and resistance, or derive shapes from price action. The script looks for the highest or lowest point in a given number of bars and updates a list with the values as they form. If the levels are exceeded, the values are updated. If the direction changes and a new significant point is made, a new point is added to the list and the process starts again. Meanwhile, we scan the list of values looking for the distinctive shape to form as previously described. █   STRATEGY RESULTS Back Testing Historical back testing is the most common method to test a strategy due in part to the general ease of gathering quick results. The underlying theory is that any strategy that worked well in the past is likely to work well in the future, and conversely, any strategy that performed poorly in the past is likely to perform poorly in the future. It is easy to poke holes in this theory, however, as for one to accept it as gospel, one would have to assume that future results will match what has come to pass. The randomness of markets may see to it otherwise, so it is important to scrutinize results. Some commonly used methods are to compare to other markets or benchmarks, perform statistical analysis on the results over many iterations and on differing datasets, walk-forward testing, out-of-sample analysis, or a variety of other techniques. There are many ways to interpret the results, so it is important to do research and gain knowledge in the field prior to taking meaningful conclusions from them. 👉  In short, it would be naive to place trust in one good backtest and expect positive results to continue. For this reason, results have been omitted from this publication. Repainting Repainting is simply the difference in behaviour of a strategy in real time vs the results calculated on the historical dataset. The strategy, by default, will wait for confirmed signals and is thus designed to not repaint. Waiting for bar close for entires aligns results in the real time data feed to those calculated on historical bars, which contain far less data. By doing this we align the behaviour of the strategy on the 2 data types, which brings significance to the calculated results. To override this behaviour and introduce repainting one can select "Recalculate on every tick" from the properties tab. It is important to note that by doing this alerts may not align with results seen in the strategy tester when the chart is reloaded, and thus to do so is to forgo backtesting and restricts a strategy to forward testing only. 👉  It is possible to use this script as an indicator as opposed to a full strategy by disabling "Use Strategy" in the "Inputs" tab. Basic alerts for detection will be sent when patterns are detected as opposed to complex order syntax. For alerts mid-bar enable "Recalculate on every tick" , and for confirmed signals ensure it is disabled. █   EXIT ORDERS Limit and Stop Orders By default, the strategy will place a stop loss at the invalidation point of the pattern. This point is beyond the pattern high in the case of Double Tops, or beneath the pattern low in the case of Double Bottoms. The target or take profit point is an equal-legs measurement, or 100% of the pattern height in the direction of the pattern bias. Both the stop and the limit level can be adjusted from the user menu as a percentage of the pattern height. Trailing Stops Optional from the menu is the implementation of an ATR based trailing stop. The trailing stop is designed to begin when the target projection is reached. From there, the script looks back a user-defined number of bars for the highest or lowest point +/- the ATR value. For tighter stops the user can look back a lesser number of bars, or decrease the ATR multiple. When using either Alertatron or Trading Connector, each change in the trail value will trigger an alert to update the stop order on the exchange to reflect the new trail price. This reduces latency and slippage that can occur when relying on alerts only as real exchange orders fill faster and remain in place in the event of a disruption in communication between your strategy and the exchange, which ensures a higher level of safety. 👉  It is important to note that in the case the trailing stop is enabled, limit orders are excluded from the exit criteria. Rather, the point in time that the limit value is exceeded is the point that the trail begins. As such, this method will exit by stop loss only. █   ALERTS Five Built-in 3rd Party Destinations The following are five options for delivering alerts from Double Tap to live trade execution via third party ​API solutions or chat bots to share your trades on social media. These destinations can be selected from the input menu and alert syntax will automatically configure in alerts appropriately to manage trades. Custom JSON JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a readable format for structuring data. It is used primarily to transmit data between a server and a web application. In regards to this script, this may be a custom intermediary web application designed to catch alerts and interface with an exchange ​API. The JSON message is a trade map for an application to read equipped with where its been, where its going, targets, stops, quantity; a full diagnostic of the current state and its previous state. A web application could be configured to follow the messages sent in this format and conduct trades in sync with alerts running on the TV server. Below is an example of a rendered JSON alert: { "passphrase": "1234", "time": "2022-05-01T17:50:05Z", "ticker": "ETHUSDTPERP", "plot": { "stop_price": 2600.15, "limit_price": 3100.45 }, "strategy": { "position_size": 0.1, "order_action": "buy", "market_position": "long", "market_position_size": 0, "prev_market_position": "flat", "prev_market_position_size": 0 } } Trading Connector Trading Connector is a third party fully autonomous Chrome extension designed to catch alert webhooks from TradingView and interface with MT4/MT5 to execute live trades from your machine. Alerts to Trading Connector are simple; just select the destination from the input drop down menu, set your ticker in the "TC Ticker" box in the "Alert Strings" section and enter your URL in the alert window when configuring your alert. Alertatron Alertatron is an automated algo platform for cryptocurrency trading that is designed to automate your trading strategies. Although the platform is currently restricted to crypto, it offers a versatile interface with high flexibility syntax for complex market orders and conditions. To direct alerts to Alertatron, select the platform from the 3rd party drop down, configure your ​API key in the ”Alertatron Key” box and add your URL in the alert message box when making alerts. 3 Commas 3 Commas is an easy and quick to use click-and-go third party crypto ​API solution. Alerts are simple without overly complex syntax. Messages are simply pasted into alerts and executed as alerts are triggered. There are 4 boxes at the bottom of the "Inputs" tab where the appropriate messages to be placed. These messages can be copied from 3 Commas after the bots are set up and pasted directly into the settings menu. Remember to select 3 Commas as a destination from the third party drop down and place the appropriate URL in the alert message window. Discord Some may wish to share their trades with their friends in a Discord chat via webhook chat bot. Messages are configured to notify of the pattern type with targets and stop values. A bot can be configured through the integration menu in a Discord chat to which you have appropriate access. Select Discord from the 3rd party drop down menu and place your chat bot URL in the alert message window when configuring alerts. 👉  For further information regarding alert setup, refer to the platform specific instructions given by the chosen third party provider. █   IMPORTANT NOTES Setting Alerts For alert messages to be properly delivered on order fills it is necessary to place the following placeholder in the alert message box when creating an alert. {{strategy.order.alert_message}} This placeholder will auto-populate the alert message with the appropriate syntax that is designated for the 3rd party selected in the user menu. Order Sizing and Commissions The values that are sent in alert messages are populated from live metrics calculated by the strategy. This means that the actual values in the "Properties" tab are used and must be set by the user. The initial capital, order size, commission, etc. are all used in the calculations, so it is important to set these prior to executing live trades. Be sure to set the commission to the values used by the exchange as well. 👉  It is important to understand that the calculations on the account size take place from the beginning of the price history of the strategy. This means that if historical results have inflated or depleted the account size from the beginning of trade history until now, the values sent in alerts will reflect the calculated size based on the inputs in the "Properties" tab. To start fresh, the user must set the date in the "Inputs" tab to the current date as to remove trades from the trade history. Failure to follow this instruction can result in an unexpected order size being sent in the alert. █   FOR PINECODERS  • With the recent introduction of matrices in Pine, the script utilizes a matrix to track ​pivot points with the bars they occurred on, while tracking if that ​pivot has been traded against to prevent duplicate detections after a trade is exited.  • Alert messages are populated with placeholders ; capability that previously was only possible in alertcondition() , but has recently been extended to `strategy.*()` functions for use in the `alert_message` argument. This allows delivery of live trade values to populate in strategy alert messages.  • New arguments have been added to strategy.exit() , which allow differentiated messages to be sent based on whether the exit occurred at the stop or the limit. The new arguments used in this script are `alert_profit` and `alert_loss` to send messages to Discord
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Pine Script™ strategy
34
Fourier Extrapolator of Price w/ Projection Forecast [Loxx]Due to popular demand, I'm pusblishing Fourier Extrapolator of Price w/ Projection Forecast.. As stated in it's twin indicator, this one is also multi-harmonic (or multi-tone) trigonometric model of a price series xi, i=1..n, is given by: xi = m + Sum( a*Cos(w*i) + b*Sin(w*i), h=1..H ) Where: xi - past price at i-th bar, total n past prices; m - bias; a and b - scaling coefficients of harmonics; w - frequency of a harmonic ; h - harmonic number; H - total number of fitted harmonics. Fitting this model means finding m, a, b, and w that make the modeled values to be close to real values. Finding the harmonic frequencies w is the most difficult part of fitting a trigonometric model. In the case of a Fourier series, these frequencies are set at 2*pi*h/n. But, the Fourier series extrapolation means simply repeating the n past prices into the future. This indicator uses the Quinn-Fernandes algorithm to find the harmonic frequencies. It fits harmonics of the trigonometric series one by one until the specified total number of harmonics H is reached. After fitting a new harmonic , the coded algorithm computes the residue between the updated model and the real values and fits a new harmonic to the residue. see here: A Fast Efficient Technique for the Estimation of Frequency , B. G. Quinn and J. M. Fernandes, Biometrika, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp . 489-497 (9 pages) Published By: Oxford University Press The indicator has the following input parameters: src - input source npast - number of past bars, to which trigonometric series is fitted; Nfut - number of predicted future bars; nharm - total number of harmonics in model; frqtol - tolerance of frequency calculations. The indicator plots two curves: the green/red curve indicates modeled past values and the yellow/fuchsia curve indicates the modeled future values. The purpose of this indicator is to showcase the Fourier Extrapolator method to be used in future indicators.
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Pine Script™ indicator
28
VisibleChart█   OVERVIEW This library is a Pine programmer’s tool containing functions that return values calculated from the range of visible bars on the chart. This is now possible in Pine Script™ thanks to the recently-released chart.left_visible_bar_time and chart.right_visible_bar_time built-ins, which return the opening time of the leftmost and rightmost bars on the chart. These values update as traders scroll or zoom their charts, which gives way to a class of indicators that can dynamically recalculate and draw visuals on visible bars only, as users scroll or zoom their charts. We hope this library's functions help you make the most of the world of possibilities these new built-ins provide for Pine scripts. For an example of a script using this library, have a look at the Chart ​VWAP indicator. █   CONCEPTS Chart properties The new chart.left_visible_bar_time and chart.right_visible_bar_time variables return the opening time of the leftmost and rightmost bars on the chart. They are only two of many new built-ins in the `chart.*` namespace. See this blog post for more information, or look up them up by typing "chart." in the Pine Script™ Reference Manual . Dynamic recalculation of scripts on visible bars Any script using chart.left_visible_bar_time or chart.right_visible_bar_time acquires a unique property, which triggers its recalculation when traders scroll or zoom their charts in such a way that the range of visible bars on the chart changes. This library's functions use the two recent built-ins to derive various values from the range of visible bars. Designing your scripts for dynamic recalculation For the library's functions to work correctly, they must be called on every bar. For reliable results, assign their results to global variables and then use the variables locally where needed — not the raw function calls. Some functions like `barIsVisible()` or `open()` will return a value starting on the leftmost visible bar. Others such as `high()` or `low()` will also return a value starting on the leftmost visible bar, but their correct value can only be known on the rightmost visible bar, after all visible bars have been analyzed by the script. You can plot values as the script executes on visible bars, but efficient code will, when possible, create resource-intensive labels, lines or tables only once in the global ​scope using var , and then use the setter functions to modify their properties on the last bar only. The example code included in this library uses this method. Keep in mind that when your script uses chart.left_visible_bar_time or chart.right_visible_bar_time , your script will recalculate on all bars each time the user scrolls or zooms their chart. To provide script users with the best experience you should strive to keep calculations to a minimum and use efficient code so that traders are not always waiting for your script to recalculate every time they scroll or zoom their chart. Another aspect to consider is the fact that the rightmost visible bar will not always be the last bar in the dataset. When script users scroll back in time, a large portion of the time series the script calculates on may be situated after the rightmost visible bar. We can never assume the rightmost visible bar is also the last bar of the time series. Use `barIsVisible()` to restrict calculations to visible bars, but also consider that your script can continue to execute past them. █   FUNCTIONS The library contains the following functions: barIsVisible()   Condition to determine if a given bar is within the users visible time range.   Returns: (bool) True if the the calling bar is between the `chart.left_visible_bar_time` and the `chart.right_visible_bar_time`. high()   Determines the value of the highest `high` in visible bars.   Returns: (float) The maximum high value of visible chart bars. highBarIndex()   Determines the `bar_index` of the highest `high` in visible bars.   Returns: (int) The `bar_index` of the `high()`. highBarTime()   Determines the bar time of the highest `high` in visible bars.   Returns: (int) The `time` of the `high()`. low()   Determines the value of the lowest `low` in visible bars.   Returns: (float) The minimum low value of visible chart bars. lowBarIndex()   Determines the `bar_index` of the lowest `low` in visible bars.   Returns: (int) The `bar_index` of the `low()`. lowBarTime()   Determines the bar time of the lowest `low` in visible bars.   Returns: (int) The `time` of the `low()`. open()   Determines the value of the opening price in the visible chart time range.   Returns: (float) The `open` of the leftmost visible chart bar. close()   Determines the value of the closing price in the visible chart time range.   Returns: (float) The `close` of the rightmost visible chart bar. leftBarIndex()   Determines the `bar_index` of the leftmost visible chart bar.   Returns: (int) A `bar_index`. rightBarIndex()   Determines the `bar_index` of the rightmost visible chart bar.   Returns: (int) A `bar_index` bars()   Determines the number of visible chart bars.   Returns: (int) The number of bars. volume()   Determines the sum of volume of all visible chart bars.   Returns: (float) The cumulative sum of volume. ohlcv()   Determines the open, high, low, close, and volume sum of the visible bar time range.   Returns: ( ) A tuple of the OHLCV values for the visible chart bars. Example: open is chart left, high is the highest visible high, etc. chartYPct(​pct)   Determines a price level as a percentage of the visible bar price range, which depends on the chart's top/bottom margins in "Settings/Appearance".   Parameters:      pct : (series float) Percentage of the visible price range (50 is 50%). Negative values are allowed.   Returns: (float) A price level equal to the `pct` of the price range between the high and low of visible chart bars. Example: 50 is halfway between the visible high and low. chartXTimePct(​pct)   Determines a time as a percentage of the visible bar time range.   Parameters:      pct : (series float) Percentage of the visible time range (50 is 50%). Negative values are allowed.   Returns: (float) A time in UNIX format equal to the `pct` of the time range from the `chart.left_visible_bar_time` to the `chart.right_visible_bar_time`. Example: 50 is halfway from the leftmost visible bar to the rightmost. chartXIndexPct(​pct)   Determines a `bar_index` as a percentage of the visible bar time range.   Parameters:      pct : (series float) Percentage of the visible time range (50 is 50%). Negative values are allowed.   Returns: (float) A time in UNIX format equal to the `pct` of the time range from the `chart.left_visible_bar_time` to the `chart.right_visible_bar_time`. Example: 50 is halfway from the leftmost visible bar to the rightmost. whenVisible(​src, whenCond, length)   Creates an array containing the `length` last `src` values where `whenCond` is true for visible chart bars.   Parameters:      src : (series int/float) The source of the values to be included.      whenCond : (series bool) The condition determining which values are included. Optional. The default is `true`.      length : (simple int) The number of last values to return. Optional. The default is all values.   Returns: (float ) The array ID of the accumulated `src` values. avg(​src)   Gathers values of the source over visible chart bars and averages them.   Parameters:      src : (series int/float) The source of the values to be averaged. Optional. Default is `close`.   Returns: (float) A cumulative average of values for the visible time range. median(​src)   Calculates the median of a source over visible chart bars.   Parameters:      src : (series int/float) The source of the values. Optional. Default is `close`.   Returns: (float) The median of the `src` for the visible time range. vVwap(​src)   Calculates a volume-weighted average for visible chart bars.   Parameters:      src : (series int/float) Source used for the ​VWAP calculation. Optional. Default is `hlc3`.   Returns: (float) The ​VWAP for the visible time range.
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Pine Script™ library
25
Time█   OVERVIEW This library is a Pine Script™ programmer’s tool containing a variety of time related functions to calculate or measure time, or format time into string variables. █   CONCEPTS `formattedTime()`, `formattedDate()` and `formattedDay()` Pine Script™, like many other programming languages, uses timestamps in UNIX format, expressed as the number of milliseconds elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC, 1 January 1970. These three functions convert a UNIX timestamp to a formatted string for human consumption. These are examples of ways you can call the functions, and the ensuing results: CODE RESULT formattedTime(timenow) >>> "00:40:35" formattedTime(timenow, "short") >>> "12:40 AM" formattedTime(timenow, "full") >>> "12:40:35 AM ​UTC​" formattedTime(1000 * 60 * 60 * 3.5, "HH:mm") >>> "03:30" formattedDate(timenow, "short") >>> "4/30/22" formattedDate(timenow, "medium") >>> ​"Apr​ 30, 2022" formattedDate(timenow, "full") >>> "Saturday, April 30, 2022" formattedDay(timenow, "E") >>> "Sat" formattedDay(timenow, "dd.MM.yy") >>> "30.04.22" formattedDay(timenow, "yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' hh:mm:ss z") >>> "2022.04.30 AD at 12:40:35 UTC" These functions use str.format() and some of the special formatting codes it allows for. Pine Script™ documentation does not yet contain complete specifications on these codes, but in the meantime you can find some information in the The Java™ Tutorials and in Java documentation of its MessageFormat class . Note that str.format() implements only a subset of the MessageFormat features in Java. `secondsSince()` The introduction of varip variables in Pine Script™ has made it possible to track the time for which a condition is true when a script is executing on a realtime bar. One obvious use case that comes to mind is to enable trades to exit only when the exit condition has been true for a period of time, whether that period is shorter that the chart's timeframe, or spans across multiple realtime bars. For more information on this function and varip please see our Using `varip` variables publication. `timeFrom( )` When plotting lines , boxes , and labels one often needs to calculate an offset for past or future end points relative to the time a condition or point occurs in history. Using xloc.bar_index is often the easiest solution, but some situations require the use of xloc.bar_time . We introduce `timeFrom()` to assist in calculating time-based offsets. The function calculates a timestamp using a negative (into the past) or positive (into the future) offset from the current bar's starting or closing time, or from the current time of day. The offset can be expressed in units of chart timeframe, or in seconds, minutes, hours, days, months or years. This function was ported from our Time Offset Calculation Framework . `formattedNoOfPeriods()` and `secondsToTfString()` Our final two offerings aim to confront two remaining issues: How much time is represented in a given timestamp? How can I produce a "simple string" timeframe usable with request.security() from a timeframe expressed in seconds? `formattedNoOfPeriods()` converts a time value in ​ms to a quantity of time units. This is useful for calculating a difference in time between 2 points and converting to a desired number of units of time. If no unit is supplied, the function automatically chooses a unit based on a predetermined time step. `secondsToTfString()` converts an input time in seconds to a target timeframe string in timeframe.period string format. This is useful for implementing stepped timeframes relative to the chart time, or calculating multiples of a given chart timeframe. Results from this function are in simple form, which means they are useable as `timeframe` arguments in functions like request.security() . █   NOTES Although the example code is commented in detail, the size of the library justifies some further explanation as many concepts are demonstrated. Key points are as follows:  • ​Pivot points are used to draw lines from. `timeFrom( )` calculates the length of the lines in the specified unit of time.   By default the script uses 20 units of the charts timeframe. Example: a 1hr chart has arrows 20 hours in length.  • At the point of the arrows `formattedNoOfPeriods()` calculates the line length in the specified unit of time from the input menu.   If “Use Input Time” is disabled, a unit of time is automatically assigned.  • At each ​pivot point a label with a formatted date or time is placed with one of the three formatting helper functions to display the time or date the ​pivot occurred.  • A label on the last bar showcases `secondsSince()` . The label goes through three stages of detection for a timed alert.   If the difference between the high and the open in ticks exceeds the input value, a timer starts and will turn the label red once the input time is exceeded to simulate a time-delayed alert.  • In the bottom right of the screen `secondsToTfString()` posts the chart timeframe in a table. This can be multiplied from the input menu. █   FUNCTIONS formattedTime(timeInMs, format)   Converts a UNIX timestamp (in milliseconds) to a formatted time string.   Parameters:      timeInMs : (series float) Timestamp to be formatted.      format : (series string) Format for the time. Optional. The default value is "HH:mm:ss".   Returns: (string) A string containing the formatted time. formattedDate(timeInMs, format)   Converts a UNIX timestamp (in milliseconds) to a formatted date string.   Parameters:      timeInMs : (series float) Timestamp to be formatted.      format : (series string) Format for the date. Optional. The default value is "yyyy-MM-dd".   Returns: (string) A string containing the formatted date. formattedDay(timeInMs, format)   Converts a UNIX timestamp (in milliseconds) to the name of the day of the week.   Parameters:      timeInMs : (series float) Timestamp to be formatted.      format : (series string) Format for the day of the week. Optional. The default value is "EEEE" (complete day name).   Returns: (string) A string containing the day of the week. secondsSince(cond, resetCond)   The duration in milliseconds that a condition has been true.   Parameters:      cond : (series bool) Condition to time.      resetCond : (series bool) When `true`, the duration resets.   Returns: The duration in seconds for which `cond` is continuously true. timeFrom(from, qty, units)   Calculates a +/- time offset in variable units from the current bar's time or from the current time.   Parameters:      from : (series string) Starting time from where the offset is calculated: "bar" to start from the bar's starting time, "close" to start from the bar's closing time, "now" to start from the current time.      qty : (series int) The +/- qty of units of offset required. A "series float" can be used but it will be cast to a "series int".      units : (series string) String containing one of the seven allowed time units: "chart" (chart's timeframe), "seconds", "minutes", "hours", "days", "months", "years".   Returns: (int) The resultant time offset `from` the `qty` of time in the specified `units`. formattedNoOfPeriods(​ms, unit)   Converts a time value in ​ms to a quantity of time units.   Parameters:      ms : (series int) Value of time to be formatted.      unit : (series string) The target unit of time measurement. Options are "seconds", "minutes", "hours", "days", "weeks", "months". If not used one will be automatically assigned.   Returns: (string) A formatted string from the number of `ms` in the specified `unit` of time measurement secondsToTfString(tfInSeconds, mult)   Convert an input time in seconds to target string TF in `timeframe.period` string format.   Parameters:      tfInSeconds : (simple int) a timeframe in seconds to convert to a string.      mult : (simple float) Multiple of `tfInSeconds` to be calculated. Optional. 1 (no multiplier) is default.   Returns: (string) The `tfInSeconds` in `timeframe.period` format usable with `request.security()`.
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Pine Script™ library
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Relative Bandwidth FilterThis is a very simple script which can be used as measure to define your trading zones based on volatility. Concept This script tries to identify the area of low and high volatility based on comparison between Bandwidth of higher length and ATR of lower length. Relative Bandwidth = Bandwidth / ATR Bandwidth can be based on either Bollinger Band, Keltner Channel or Donchian Channel. Length of the bandwidth need to be ideally higher. ATR is calculated using built in ATR method and ATR length need to be ideally lower than that used for calculating Bandwidth. Once we got Relative Bandwidth, the next step is to apply Bollinger Band on this to measure how relatively high/low this value is. Overall - If relative bandwidth is higher, then volatility is comparatively low. If relative bandwidth is lower, then volatility is comparatively high. Usage This can be used with your own strategy to filter out your non-trading zones based on volatility. Script plots a variable called "Signal" - which is not shown on chart pane. But, it is available in the data window. This can be used in another script as external input and apply logic. Signal values can be 1 : Allow only Long -1 : Allow only short 0 : Do not allow any trades 2 : Allow both Long and Short
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Pine Script™ indicator
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Breakout Probability (Expo)█ Overview Breakout Probability is a valuable indicator that calculates the probability of a new high or low and displays it as a level with its percentage. The probability of a new high and low is backtested, and the results are shown in a table— a simple way to understand the next candle's likelihood of a new high or low. In addition, the indicator displays an additional four levels above and under the candle with the probability of hitting these levels. The indicator helps traders to understand the likelihood of the next candle's direction, which can be used to set your trading bias. █ Calculations The algorithm calculates all the green and red candles separately depending on whether the previous candle was red or green and assigns scores if one or more lines were reached. The algorithm then calculates how many candles reached those levels in history and displays it as a percentage value on each line. █ Example In this example, the previous candlestick was green; we can see that a new high has been hit 72.82% of the time and the low only 28.29%. In this case, a new high was made. █ Settings Percentage Step The space between the levels can be adjusted with a percentage step. 1% means that each level is located 1% above/under the previous one. Disable 0.00% values If a level got a 0% likelihood of being hit, the level is not displayed as default. Enable the option if you want to see all levels regardless of their values. Number of Lines Set the number of levels you want to display. Show Statistic Panel Enable this option if you want to display the backtest statistics for that a new high or low is made. (Only if the first levels have been reached or not) █ Any Alert function call An alert is sent on candle open, and you can select what should be included in the alert. You can enable the following options: Ticker ID Bias Probability percentage The first level high and low price █ How to use This indicator is a perfect tool for anyone that wants to understand the probability of a breakout and the likelihood that set levels are hit. The indicator can be used for setting a stop loss based on where the price is most likely not to reach. The indicator can help traders to set their bias based on probability. For example, look at the daily or a higher timeframe to get your trading bias, then go to a lower timeframe and look for setups in that direction. ----------------- Disclaimer The information contained in my Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems does not constitute financial advice or a solicitation to buy or sell any securities of any type. I will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on such information. All investments involve risk, and the past performance of a security, industry, sector, market, financial product, trading strategy, backtest, or individual's trading does not guarantee future results or returns. Investors are fully responsible for any investment decisions they make. Such decisions should be based solely on an evaluation of their financial circumstances, investment objectives, risk tolerance, and liquidity needs. My Scripts/Indicators/Ideas/Algos/Systems are only for educational purposes!
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Point of Control V2 The genesis of this project was to create a POC library that would be available to deliver volume profile information via pine to other scripts of indicators and strategies. This is a republish of an invite only script to open access This is the indicator version of the library function. A few points of significance: - Allows the choice of reset of the study period, day/week or bars. This is simple enough to expand to other conditions - Bar count resets starting from the beginning of the data set (bar index =0) vs bars back from the end of the data set - A 'period' in this context is the time between resets - the start of the POC (eg. start of Day or Week) until it resets (for example at the beginning of a next day or week) - Automates the determination of the increment level rather than the user specifying ticks or price brackets - Does not allow for setting the # of rows and then calculating the implied price increment levels - When a period is complete it is often useful to look back at the POCs of historical periods, or extend them forward. - This script will find the historical POCs around the current price and display them rather than extend all the historical POC lines to the right - This script also looks across all the period POCs and identifies the master POC or what I call the Grand POC, and also the next 3 runner up POCs This indicator is also available as a library. BINANCE:BTCUSDT NSE:NIFTY OANDA:XAUUSD NASDAQ:AAPL TVC:USOIL
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Pine Script™ indicator
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Andean OscillatorThe following script is an original creation originally posted on the blog section of the broker Alpaca. The proposed indicator aims to measure the degree of variations of individual up-trends and down-trends in the price, thus allowing to highlight the direction and amplitude of a current trend. Settings Length : Determines the significance of the trends degree of variations measured by the indicator. Signal Length : Moving average period of the signal line. Usage The Andean Oscillator can return multiple information to the user, with its core interpretation revolving around the bull and bear components. A rising bull component (in green) indicates the presence of bullish price variations while a rising bear component (in red) indicates the presence of bearish price variations. When the bull component is over the bear component market is up-trending, and the user can expect new higher highs. When the bear component is over the bull component market is down-trending, and the user can expect new lower lows. The signal line (in orange) allows a more developed interpretation of the indicator and can be used in several ways. It is possible to use it to filter out potential false signals given by the crosses between the bullish and bearish components. As such the user might want to enter a position once the bullish or bearish component crosses over the signal line instead. Details Measuring the degree of variations of trends in the price by their direction (up-trend/down-trend) can be done in several way. The approach taken by the proposed indicator makes use of exponential envelopes and the naive computation of standard deviation. First, exponential envelopes are obtained from both the regular prices and squared prices, thus giving two upper extremities, and two lower extremities. The bullish component is obtained by first subtracting the upper extremity of the squared prices with the squared upper extremity of regular prices, the square root is then applied to this result. The bearish component is obtained in the same way, but makes use of the lower extremities of the exponential envelopes.
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Pine Script™ indicator
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Auto Trendline Indicator (based on fractals)A tool that automatically draws out trend lines by connecting the most recent fractals. Description: The process of manual drawing out trend lines is highly subjective. Many times, we don’t trade what we see, but what we “want to see”. As a result, we draw lines pointing to the direction that we wishfully want price to move towards. While there are no right/wrong ways to draw trend lines, there are, however, systematic/unsystematic ways to draw trend lines. This tool will systematically draw out trend lines based on fractals. Additional feature: This tool will also plot out symbols (default symbol “X”) to signify points of crossings. This can be useful for traders considering to use trend lines as part of their trading strategies. Here is an interesting observation on the price actions of NASDAQ futures on a 5 second chart during regular trading hours on July 14, 2022. It’s a phenomenon. People like to see straight lines connecting HL/LH, etc., so it's possible for the market as a whole to psychologically react to these lines. However, it is important to note that is is impossible to predict the direction of price. In the case above, price could have tanked below auto-drawn trend line. Fractal based trend lines should only be taken as references and regarded as price levels. No studies have ever proven that the slope of trend lines can indicate price's future direction. More about fractals: To understand more about fractals: www.investopedia.com www.tradingview.com Contrary to what it sounds like, fractal in "technical analysis" does not refer to the recursive self-repeating patterns that appear in nature, such as the mesmerizing patterns found in snowflakes. The Fractal Markets Hypothesis claims that market prices exhibit fractal properties over time. Assuming this assertion to be true, then fractals can be used a tool to represent the chaotic movements of price is a simplified manner. The purpose of this exercise is to take a tool that is readily available (ie. in this case, TradingView’s built-in fractals tool), and to create a newer tool based on it. Parameters: Fractal period (denoted as ‘n’ in code): It is the number of bars bounding a high/low point that must be lower/higher than it, respectively, in order for fractal to be considered valid. Period ‘n’ can be adjusted in this tool. Traditionally, chartists pick the value of 5. The longer it is, the less noise seen on the chart, and the pivot point may also be exhibited in higher timeframes. The drawback is that it will increase the period of lag, and it will take more bars to confirm the printed fractal. Others: Intuitive parameters such as whether to draw historical trend lines, what color to use, which way to extend the lines, and whether or not to show points of crossings.
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Pine Script™ indicator
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